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A
ALBERT FRANKS: Albert Franks defined nanotechnology
as" That area of science and technology where dimensions
and tolerances in the range of 0.01nm to 100nm play a critical
role".
C
COLLOIDS: It is a type of mixture that has two phases.
First is the continuous phase and the second is the dispersed
phase. The continuous phase is the medium in which the dispersive
particles which are tiny particles of the size of between
1 to 1000 nm in atleast dimension are dispersed. These particles
are not visible by the naked eye but the help of electron
microscope.
Curculigo orchoides: It is known as Black Musale in
English. It belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and has applications
as an antioxidant, aphrodisiac and tonic.
D
DISPERSE DYE: Disperse dyes were originally developed
for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and is substantially
water insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence
of a dispersing agent and then sold as a paste, or spray-dried
and sold as a powder. They can also be used to dye nylon,
cellulose triacetate, polyester and acrylic fibers.
DIP PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY: Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN)
is a scanning probe lithography technique where an atomic
force microscope tip is used to transfer molecules to a surface
via a solvent meniscus. This technique allows surface patterning
on scales of lesser than 100 nanometers.
E
ELECTRON BEAM LITHOGRAPHY: Electron beam lithography
abbreviated as e-beam lithography, it is the practice of using
a beam of electrons to generate patterns or designs to embed
circuits, channels etc on a surface.
F
FIELD ION MICROSCOPE: Field Ion Microscope uses the
technique of Field Ion Microscopy (FIM), which is an analytical
technique used in materials science. The field ion microscope
is a type of microscope that can be used to image the arrangement
of atoms at the surface of a sharp metal tip. It was the first
technique by which individual atoms could be spatially resolved.
The technique was pioneered by Erwin Müller.
G
GIANT MAGNETO RESISTANCE: Giant magneto resistance
(GMR) is a quantum mechanical effect, a type of magneto resistance
effect, observed in thin film structures composed of alternating
ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic metal layers.
GENE THERAPY: Gene therapy is the insertion of genes
into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease,
and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele
is replaced with a functional one.
H
HYDROXYL RADICALS: Hydroxyl in the terminology of chemistry
stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen
atom bonded or joined by a covalent bond (HO- or -OH).
I
In vitro: In vitro in Latin means "within the
glass". This refers to as the technique of performing
a given experiment in a controlled environment. For example
micro-propagating a plant by using node, leaf, root, or any
such tissues as explant.
K
KIM ERIC DREXLER: Kim Eric Drexler was born on April
25, 1955 in Oakland, California. He is an American engineer
best known for popularizing the potential of molecular nanotechnology
(MNT), from the 1970s and 1980s. He has published many books
on Nanotechnology and has done a lot to promote Nanotechnology
books namely "Engines of creation", "Unbounding
the Future", and "Nanosystems Molecular Machinery
Manufacturing and Computation" plus the most recent one
"Engines of Creation 2.0: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology".
L
LAB ON CHIP: Lab-on-chip is used for devices that integrate
multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only millimeters
to a few square centimeters in size and that are capable of
handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico
liters.
LIPOSOMES: A liposome is a spherical vesicle composed
of a bilayer membrane. In biology, this specifically refers
to a membrane composed of a phospholipid and cholesterol bilayer.
M
MEMS: Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is the
integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and
electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication
technology. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is the technology
of the very small, and merges at the nano-scale into nanoelectromechanical
systems (NEMS) and Nanotechnology.
MOORE'S LAW: Moore's Law describes an important trend
in the history of computer hardware that the number of transistors
that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit
is increasing exponentially, doubling approximately every
two years. The observation was first made by Intel co-founder
Gordon E. Moore in a 1965 paper. The trend has continued for
more than half a century and is not expected to stop for another
decade at least and perhaps much longer.
MWNT (MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE): These are multiple walled
nanotubes having multiple applications in many unique electronic,
mechanical, and chemical properties.
N
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: Nanobiotechnology is the branch
of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical applications
or uses. Biotechnology is the application of technological
innovation as it pertains to biological and life sciences.
Nanotechnology incorporates biotechnology on the nano-scale.
NANOBOTS: Nanorobotics is the technology of creating
machines or robots at or close to the microscopic scale of
nanometres (10-9 metres). Nanorobotics refers to the still
largely hypothetical nanotechnology engineering discipline
of designing and building nanorobots. Nanorobots are even
called as nanobots, nanoids or nanites. They would be typically
devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and constructed
of nanoscale or molecular components. As no artificial non-biological
nanorobots have so far been created, they remain a hypothetical
concept at this time.
NANOCOMPUTERS: Nanocomputer is the logical name for
a computer smaller than the microcomputer, which is smaller
than the minicomputer.
NANOELECTRONICS: The term Nanoelectronics refer to
the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially
transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally
defined as utilizing technology less than 100nm in size, nanoelectronics
often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic
interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be
studied extensively. In the next level when the spin of the
individual atoms will be utilized for the computing purposes
then this term will be truly justified at the nano level.
NANOELEMENTS: A Nanoelement can be defined as:
- A composite of other Nanoelements, a (specially designed)
molecule or a sub-molecule.
- A Nanoparticle in the usual sense, a composite of several
different Nanoparticles.
- An (intellectually bound) small region of a material, an
elementary particle.
- Any special construct on an atomic or subatomic level, any
other micro-objects.
NANOSCIENCE: Nanoscience is the study of phenomenon
and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular
scales, where properties differ significantly from those at
a larger scale.
NANOMANUFACTURING: Nanomanufacturing is the production
of nanomaterials and devices. The manufacturing of the nanomaterials
and devices involves two approaches "top down" and
bottom up".
NANOMATERIALS: The materials which are nano-sized i.e.
10^-9 meter are known as nanomaterials. All of the nanomaterials
have their dimensions are in nano measurements.
NANOMEDICINE: The use of nanotechnology in the effective
delivery of medicines directly to the infected site and it
involves the study of toxicity and the environmental effect
of nanomaterials on the human body.
NANOPARTICLES: It is the nano particle that is having
atleast one dimension less than the size of 100nm.
NANOCRYSTALS: A nanocrystal is any nanomaterial with
at least one dimension = 100nm and it is also single crystalline.
Any particle which exhibits regions of crystallinity should
be termed as nanoparticle or nanocluster based on its dimensions.
NANOPOROUS MATERIALS: Nanoporous materials consist
of a regular organic or inorganic framework supporting a regular,
porous structure. Pores are those materials which lie between
1x10-7 m and 0.2x10-9 m.
NORIO TANIGUCHI: He was born in 1912 and he died on
15 November 1999. He was a professor of Tokyo Science University.
He was the first person to coin the term nanotechnology in
1974 to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film
deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic
control on the order of a nanometer.
R
RICHARD FEYNMAN: Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11,
1918 - February 15, 1988;) was an American physicist known
for expanding the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics
of the super fluidity of super cooled liquid helium, and particle
theory. For his work on quantum electrodynamics, Feynman was
a joint recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965, together
with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga; he developed
a widely-used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical
expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles,
which later became known as Feynman diagrams.
REACTIVE DYES: In a reactive dye a chromophore contains
a substituent that is activated and allowed to directly react
to the surface of the substrate. These dyes are used to dye
cellulose based fibers.
RICHARD SMALLEY: He was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of a new form of carbon,
buckminsterfullerene ("buckyballs") (with Robert
Curl, also a professor of chemistry at Rice, and Harold Kroto,
a professor at the University of Sussex).
S
SUMIO IJIMA: He is a Japanese physicist, and is cited
as the discoverer of the carbon nanotubes. Although the carbon
nanotubes were observed before his discovery his 1991 paper
based on the carbon nanostructures fueled intense research
in the area of the nanotechnology.
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE: It is a microscope
that is used to view objects or particles at the atomic level.
SWNT (SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE): As the name suggests
these nanotubes are single walled but has variety of uses
in different applications like in displays, sensors and circuits
all at the nano level.
T
TITANIUM DIOXIDE: Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium
(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of
titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it
is called titanium white, Pigment White 6, or CI 77891. It
is noteworthy for its wide range of applications, from paint
to sunscreen to food coloring.
U
UNIDO: It stands for UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION.
V
VAT DYES: These types of dyes are an ancient class
of dyes, based on the natural dye, indigo, which is now produced
synthetically.
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